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Articulate ideas and knowledge effectively in writing for specific audiences and purposes. Develop strategies for dealing with "writer's block."

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Jump to section:听Understanding Writing | Cultivating Writing Skills | Quick Guide to Being a Stronger Writer|听Taking Action | Resources | References

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Understanding Writing听

Writing is a method of imparting knowledge (e.g., research, journalism), communicating thoughts and emotions (e.g., reflective writing), telling a story (e.g., creative writing), or working out your thoughts to reach a conclusion (e.g., critical writing).听

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Why does it matter?

While a written text (e.g., article, thesis) is used to communicate the results of critical thinking, writing is a learning tool that, in itself, fosters critical thinking. ^[][] When you write, you dissect and organize information, articulate ideas, and integrate prior knowledge with new concepts. ^[] Like most communication skills, Writing is a fundamental skill required for your success as a graduate student and your long term professional development.听

Employers identified Writing as one of the most frequently needed skills. ^[] In a survey, major American business leaders employing nearly eight million people considered Writing a 鈥渢hreshold skill鈥� for both the recruitment and the promotion of their employees, two-thirds of whom have writing responsibilities. ^[] From an economic standpoint, large corporations are spending as much as three billion dollars annually on employees鈥� professional training programs to remedy the deficiencies in reading and writing skills (e.g., business and technical writing). ^[]听听

Additionally, Writing improves verbal communication skills. For instance, writing the main points of your upcoming presentation allows you to organize information in a logical sequence and to articulate your ideas and arguments with clarity to ultimately respect the allocated presentation time.听

Reflective writing allows you to deconstruct and visualize your ideas in order to synthesize information and reach informed conclusions and decisions. For instance, writing your goals and the steps needed for their completion creates a sense of commitment and a medium through which you can analyze and find solutions to potential barriers. ^[] Additionally, writing your thoughts and feelings (expressive writing) has been shown to reduce depression and anxiety. ^[]听

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Cultivating Writing Skills听

Think of Writing as a craft; the more you practice, the better you get at it. Regardless of your writing proficiency, aim to write regularly to develop more confidence and improve the quality of your work.听You do not need to publish a book to practice writing. To improve as a writer, learn about the writing stages: 1) Brainstorming, 2) Outlining, 3) Drafting, 4) Revising and Editing, and 5) Polishing (i.e., going over your work one last time to correct missed mistakes in grammar, spelling, etc鈥�). ^[]

Develop the essential knowledge of vocabulary, syntax, grammatical functions and styles in a primary or secondary language. Explore the four main writing styles and use the appropriate one: 1) Expository (textbooks), 2) descriptive (poetry), 3) persuasive (research proposal), and 4) narrative (novel). As a complement to courses and workshops, you can further improve your writing skills by reading. In addition to deepening your knowledge of a given subject, reading expands your vocabulary and exposes you to various writing styles. Many studies support the relationship between reading and writing as two inextricable sets of skills that share similar cognitive elements such as knowledge (e.g., knowledge of syntax and punctuation) and mental processes (e.g., meaning construction). ^[]听

Graduate school promotes critical writing and reading in course assignments, exams, and research. Critical writing is the presentation of evidence and arguments in support of your conclusions as a result of critical reading 鈥� the rigorous evaluation and interpretation of written facts.听In other terms, critical writing is critical thinking translated into words. Therefore, developing critical reading abilities is a prerequisite for mastering critical writing. ^[] Check the Analytical and Critical Reasoning handout for strategies to develop critical reading.听听

In their book about academic argumentative writing, Graff and Birkenstein ^[] offer strategies and templates for writing an argument in various disciplines (e.g., sciences, social sciences) and contexts (e.g., agreeing or disagreeing with others鈥� conclusions). ^[] Practice applying some of these templates to your work to hone your critical writing.听听听听听

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Quick Guide to Being a Stronger Writer听

1. Commit to the practice of writing: Attend writing retreats, workshops, or courses where participants are expected to submit written assignments. In addition to a formal commitment, you will experience a sense of community. You are not alone in your writing struggles. (see 鈥淭aking Action鈥� for suggestions)听
2. Reflect on your work: self-edit and ask for feedback from experienced writers, tutors, or a writing service. It is a learning experience that will enhance your writing skills.听
3. Set your writing goals, create a reasonable plan based on your pace and potential external stressors (e.g., distractions, deadlines), and experiment with different writing schedules and environments to learn about what works best for you. It may take some trial and error before finding your writing flow!听听
4. Consider the following questions: Will a writing buddy help you commit and stick to your schedule? Are you a Starbucks or a Redpath type of writer? Are you a morning person?听
5. Identify your writing strengths and work on your weaknesses: For example, if you have trouble with the Oxford Comma or when to add a semicolon, consider learning about proper punctuation.听听听
6. When unsure where to start, consider the big picture, start with the part that interests you most, outline your ideas, or ask probing questions ^[]听
7. Try some writing exercises. ^[]
8. Follow standard guidelines (e.g., for thesis writing: consult 看片视频 Thesis Guidelines and the 看片视频 Supervision thesis writing tips), and review similar work written by experienced writers to find inspiration (e.g., skim through a select peer thesis)
9. Manage stress and anxiety during the writing phase: ^[]听听

• Develop self-awareness of what works for you and what doesn鈥檛. 鈥淔ind your happy place.鈥澨�
• Use effective time management and productivity strategies, allowing yourself to take breaks.听听
• Stay healthy: Use physical and mental relaxation methods such as: breathing exercises, stretching, talking to a friend, or listening to music.听

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Taking action

Professional Development & Training听

• Courses 鈥� 看片视频 Writing Centre 鈥� Writing Courses: The Writing Centre offers both credit and non-credit courses for both native and non-native English speakers.听听
• Workshop 鈥� 看片视频 Writing Centre 鈥� Graphos听
• Courses 鈥� .听听
• Workshops 鈥� : Training workshops including business writing, effective email writing and strategic business report writing workshops for advanced degree graduates.听
• Check for upcoming workshops and programs under 鈥淐ommunicate: Writing鈥澨�
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Gaining Experience听

• Become a blogger for (Contact for this opportunity).听
• Become a blogger for GradLife.听
• Write for the 看片视频 community: | .听

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Resources

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Groups & Associations

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• Peer Writing Groups (Graphos)
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Articles of Interest

• Writing Tips: (University of Illinois)
• Writing Tips: Op-ed writing tips (看片视频 Newsroom)
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References